Victims of dating violence in adolescence: the role of problematic use of social networks sites, loneliness, and family climate / Víctimas de violencia de pareja en la adolescencia: el papel del uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales, la soledad y el clima familia

La relación existente entre los contextos de socialización online-offline durante la adolescencia se ha convertido en un tema de investigación relevante en los últimos años, especialmente en el ámbito de la violencia de pareja. Para entender mejor este vínculo, el presente estudio analiza la relación entre la victmización en la violencia de pareja, el uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales, el sentimiento de soledad y el clima familiar, considerando el género de los adolescentes. Participaron 1020 adolescentes procedentes de Andalucía (49% chicos, M = 16.12; DT = .99). Se realizó un análisis por conglomerados que permitió establecer dos grupos (victimizados y no victimizados), un análisis multivariado de la varianza (2x2 MANOVA) utilizando sexo y violencia de pareja como variables independientes y análisis univariados de varianza para explorer las relaciones significativas detectadas. En los resultados se observó que los/las adolescentes víctimas de violencia de pareja obtuvieron puntuaciones más elevadas que las no víctimas en la adicción a las redes sociales virtuales, sentimiento de soledad y conflicto familiar, y puntuaciones más bajas en cohesión familiar. Las chicas victimizadas mostraron en general puntuaciones más bajas que los chicos victimizados. Los resultados obtenidos aportan información relevante y útil para la prevención de la violencia de pareja y el fomento de relaciones saludables en las primeras relaciones amorosas. Además, señalan la importancia de considerar el contexto online en la investigación acerca de la violencia en la adolescencia.(AU)

The relationship between online-offline socialization contexts during adolescence has become a relevant research topic in recent years, especially in the field of intimate partner violence. To better understand this association, the present study analyzes the relationship between dating violence (DV) victimization and the problematic social networking sites use (PSNSU), the feeling of loneliness, and the family climate, taking into account the adolescents' gender. 1020 adolescents from Andalusia participated (49% boys, M = 16.12, SD = .99). A cluster analysis, which established two groups (victimized and non-victimized), multivariate analysis of variance (2x2 MANOVA) using sex and DV as independent variables, and univariate analysis of variance to explore the significant relationships detected, were performed. The results showed that adolescent victims of DV obtained higher scores than non-victims in PSNSU, feelings of loneliness, and family conflict, and lower scores in family cohesion. Victimized girls generally showed lower scores than victimized boys. The results obtained provide relevant and useful information for the prevention of DV and the promotion of healthy relationships in early dating relationships. In addition, they point out the importance of considering the online context in research on violence in adolescence.(AU)

Emotional Loneliness, Suicidal Ideation, and Alexithymia in Adolescents Who Commit Child-to-Parent Violence.

The objective of this research was to explore the relationship between involvement in child-to-parent violence (CPV) and the development of emotional loneliness, suicidal ideation, and alexithymia based on sex; 1,928 adolescents of both sexes participated (50.5% males and 49.5% females), aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 14. 67, SD = 1.77), enrolled in four educational centers in Spain. A multivariate analysis of variance (3 × 2 MANOVA) was applied using sex and CPV levels as independent variables. Univariate analyses were carried out to explore the significant relationships detected. Results showed that the adolescents with higher CPV scored higher in emotional loneliness, suicidal ideation, and alexithymia. Girls showed a greater prevalence of CPV at the medium and high levels. An interaction of sex and CPV with alexithymia was detected. Girls with high and moderate values of CPV presented a higher level of alexithymia. These results provide novel information in the field of CPV. Previous research has placed the main focus of analysis on the adolescents' behavior problems and not so much on their perceptions of personal adjustment and their emotional experiences. The information presented in this study contributes to achieve a more precise definition of the profile of adolescent who assault their parents for better prevention of CPV.

Effects of family therapy for substance abuse: A systematic review of recent research.

One of the most serious psychosocial problems worldwide is substance abuse because of its repercussions not only on the physical and psychological health of the abuser but also on their relational functioning. Among the well-established therapeutic approaches for the treatment of substance abuse is family therapy, which, in addition to influencing personal variables, promotes changes in family dynamics. The main objective of this study is to review the scientific literature published from 2010 to the present on the efficacy and effectiveness shown by family-based treatment approaches for substance use problems both in adolescent and adult samples. In addition, the effect on secondary variables such as family functioning and behavioral problems is evaluated. The empirical evidence accumulated in the last decade and reviewed in the present study indicates that the incorporation of family members in the treatment of substance abuse produces benefits by diminishing consumption and improving family functioning. Limitations of this study and of the research reviewed are discussed and directions for future research are provided.

Peer Victimization, Peer Aggression and Depressive Symptoms over Time: A Longitudinal Study with Latent Growth Curves

Most empirical research on the relationship between peer victimization, aggression, and mental health has been conducted with correlational designs. Much of this research has also focused primarily on linking peer victimization with either the potential aggressive behaviors of victims or a deterioration in their mental health. This study analyzes the relationship between peer victimization, peer aggression, and depressive symptoms in adolescents over time. The participants are 194 adolescents (49.2% boys, 50.8% girls) aged between 10 and 13 years (M = 10.88, SD = 0.84). The results of the growth modeling analysis indicate that the trajectories are interconnected: as victimization decreases, adolescent aggression and depressive symptoms also decrease. In addition, it is observed that victimization decreased in the same way in boys and girls, while aggression and depressive symptoms showed a smaller reduction in girls. Finally, the results and their potential practical implications are discussed. (AU)

La mayoría de investigaciones empíricas que analizan la relación entre la victimización entre iguales, la agresión y la salud mental se han realizado utilizando diseños correlacionales. Dichos estudios se ha centrado principalmente en vincular la victimización entre iguales y los posibles comportamientos agresivos de las víctimas o el deterioro de su salud mental. El estudio analiza la relación entre la victimización entre iguales, la agresión entre iguales y la sintomatología depresiva en adolescentes a lo largo del tiempo. Participan 194 adolescentes (49.2% chicos, 50.8% chicas) con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 13 años (M = 10.88, DT = 0.84). Los resultados del análisis del modelo de crecimiento indican que las trayectorias están interconectadas: a medida que disminuye la victimización, también disminuyen la agresión y la sintomatología depresiva. Además, se observa que la victimización disminuye de la misma manera en chicos que en chicas, mientras que la agresión y la sintomatología depresiva muestra una reducción menor en las chicas. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y sus posibles implicaciones prácticas. (AU)

Parental Attachment and Satisfaction With Social Life: The Mediating Role of Gelotophobia.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to investigate how gelotophobia is related to secure parental attachment, the degree of satisfaction with social life and coping strategies in a non-clinical sample of young Spanish adults. METHOD: the sample consisted of 306 young Spanish adults (M= 21.4 years; SD= 2.27; 67.6% women). The relationships between the study variables were analysed and a mediation model was tested in which gelotophobia (M) mediated the relationship between secure parental attachment (IV) and the level of satisfaction with social life (DV). RESULTS: a satisfactory social life was related with low levels of gelotophobia and high levels of secure attachment to the father, as well as with the use of positive coping strategies of control and social support. Secure attachment to the father was positively associated with coping strategies focused on seeking social support and negatively associated with gelotophobia. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of secure attachment to the father are related to higher life satisfaction mediated by low levels of gelotophobia.

Peer Victimization, Peer Aggression and Depressive Symptoms over Time: A Longitudinal Study with Latent Growth Curves.

Most empirical research on the relationship between peer victimization, aggression, and mental health has been conducted with correlational designs. Much of this research has also focused primarily on linking peer victimization with either the potential aggressive behaviors of victims or a deterioration in their mental health. This study analyzes the relationship between peer victimization, peer aggression, and depressive symptoms in adolescents over time. The participants are 194 adolescents (49.2% boys, 50.8% girls) aged between 10 and 13 years (M = 10.88, SD = 0.84). The results of the growth modeling analysis indicate that the trajectories are interconnected: as victimization decreases, adolescent aggression and depressive symptoms also decrease. In addition, it is observed that victimization decreased in the same way in boys and girls, while aggression and depressive symptoms showed a smaller reduction in girls. Finally, the results and their potential practical implications are discussed.

La mayoría de investigaciones empíricas que analizan la relación entre la victimización entre iguales, la agresión y la salud mental se han realizado utilizando diseños correlacionales. Dichos estudios se ha centrado principalmente en vincular la victimización entre iguales y los posibles comportamientos agresivos de las víctimas o el deterioro de su salud mental. El estudio analiza la relación entre la victimización entre iguales, la agresión entre iguales y la sintomatología depresiva en adolescentes a lo largo del tiempo. Participan 194 adolescentes (49.2% chicos, 50.8% chicas) con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 13 años (M = 10.88, DT = 0.84). Los resultados del análisis del modelo de crecimiento indican que las trayectorias están interconectadas: a medida que disminuye la victimización, también disminuyen la agresión y la sintomatología depresiva. Además, se observa que la victimización disminuye de la misma manera en chicos que en chicas, mientras que la agresión y la sintomatología depresiva muestra una reducción menor en las chicas. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y sus posibles implicaciones prácticas.

Is it my fault? The role of the feeling of guilt in adolescent peer victimization.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between feelings of guilt, peer victimization in school, and loneliness based on adolescents' gender. Methods: A total of 671 Spanish students (50.7% boys), aged 10-16 years old (M = 13.04, SD = 1.80) from six public primary and secondary schools participated in the study. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (3 × 2) was calculated. Results: Adolescents with high levels of guilt presented greater physical, verbal, and relational victimization, as well as higher levels of loneliness. In addition, boys high in guilt had the highest scores in overt physical victimization, while girls high in guilt had the highest levels of loneliness. Discussion: Results obtained suggest that adolescents with greater feelings of guilt feel responsible for being victims of peer aggression and for feeling lonely. These findings suggest the need to address the feeling of guilt, taking into account the gender perception.

Parental Attachment and Satisfaction With Social Life: The Mediating Role of Gelotophobia / Apego Parental y Satisfacción con la Vida Social: el Papel Mediador de la Gelotofobia

Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate how gelotophobia is related to secure parental attachment, the degree of satisfaction with social life and coping strategies in a non-clinical sample of young Spanish adults. Method: the sample consisted of 306 young Spanish adults (M= 21.4 years; SD= 2.27; 67.6% women). The relationships between the study variables were analysed and a mediation model was tested in which gelotophobia (M) mediated the relationship between secure parental attachment (IV) and the level of satisfaction with social life (DV). Results: a satisfactory social life was related with low levels of gelotophobia and high levels of secure attachment to the father, as well as with the use of positive coping strategies of control and social support. Secure attachment to the father was positively associated with coping strategies focused on seeking social support and negatively associated with gelotophobia. Conclusions: High levels of secure attachment to the father are related to higher life satisfaction mediated by low levels of gelotophobia.(AU)

Antecedentes: el objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la forma en que la gelotofobia se relaciona con el apego seguro parental, el grado de satisfacción con la vida social y las estrategias de afrontamiento en una muestra no clínica de adultos jóvenes españoles. Método: la muestra estuvo conformada por 306 jóvenes adultos españoles (M= 21.4 años; DT= 2.27; 67.6% mujeres). Se analizaron las relaciones entre las variables del estudio y se puso a prueba un modelo de mediación según el cual la gelotofobia (M) media en la relación entre el apego seguro paterno (VI) y el nivel de satisfacción con la vida social (VD). Resultados: una vida social satisfactoria se relacionó con niveles bajos de gelotofobia y altos de apego seguro al padre, así como con el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento positivas de control y apoyo social. El apego seguro al padre se asoció positivamente con las estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en la búsqueda de apoyo social y negativamente con la gelotofobia. Conclusiones: altos niveles de apego seguro al padre se relacionan con una mayor satisfacción con la vida con la mediación de bajos niveles de gelotofobia.(AU)

Cybervictimization, Offline Victimization, and Cyberbullying: The Mediating Role of the Problematic Use of Social Networking Sites in Boys and Girls / Cibervictimización, victimización offline y ciberbullying: el rol mediador del uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales en chicos y chicas

The aim of the present study was to examine the mediating role of the problematic social networking sites use (PSNSU) in the relationship between both cybervictimization and offline victimization and cyberbullying in boys and girls. The sample consisted of 2,011 adolescents (50.67% boys and 49.32% girls), aged between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14.17, SD = 1.47), enrolled in schools in Andalusia, Spain. To examine this objective, moderated mediation model of the PROCESS macro was used. The results showed that both cybervictimization and offline victimization are positively related to cyberbullying directly and indirectly through PSNSU. Moreover, it was observed that boys victimized both online and offline demonstrated a higher involvement in cyberbullying, whereas girls reported a higher PSNSU. However, the PSNSU mediating effect was not moderated by gender. Finally, the results and their practical implications are discussed. (AU)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar el papel mediador del uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales (UPRSV) en la relación entre la cibervictimización, la victimización offline y el ciberbullying en chicos y chicas. Los participantes fueron 2,011 adolescentes (50.67% chicos y 49.32% chicas), con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años (M = 14.17, DT = 1.47), escolarizados en centros educativos de Andalucía (España). Para examinar este objetivo se utilizó el modelo de mediación moderada de la macro de PROCESS. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la cibervictimización y la victimización offline se relacionan positivamente con el ciberbullying de manera directa e indirecta, a través del UPRSV. Además, se observó que los chicos victimizados tanto online como offline mostraron una mayor implicación en el ciberbullying mientras que las chicas mostraron un mayor UPRSV. Sin embargo, el efecto mediador del UPRSV no era moderado por el género. Finalmente se discuten los resultados y sus implicaciones prácticas. (AU)

Predictive Psychosocial Factors of Child-to-Parent Violence in a Sample of Mexican Adolescents.

The aim of this study was to carry out a psychosocial analysis of child-to-parent violence (CPV) in a sample of school adolescents, considering a set of individual variables (psychological distress, problematic use of social networking sites, and perceived non-conformist social reputation) and family variables (open and problematic communication with parents) according to sex. The sample consisted of 3,731 adolescents (54% boys), aged between 14 and 16 years (M = 14.6 years, SD = 0.567), from the state of Nuevo León, Mexico. The scores of the boys and girls were analyzed to check for differences. Also, correlations between all the study variables were calculated. Finally, a multiple stepwise regression analysis was carried out for the total sample and also for boys and girls separately. Results confirmed the important role of individual variables as predictors of CPV in boys and girls. The main difference between boys and girls was observed in the predictive weight of problematic use of social networking sites, which was higher in girls than in boys. Open communication with the father was a significant factor for predicting the decrease of CPV levels in the case of boys, while open communication with the mother predicted the decrease of CPV in girls. Problematic communication with the mother showed similar values in boys and girls when predicting CPV, however, the predictive weight of problematic communication with the father was higher in girls than in boys. These results are interesting and have important implications for the prevention of CPV.

Myth Acceptance Regarding Male-To-Female Intimate Partner Violence amongst Spanish Adolescents and Emerging Adults.

(1) Background: General beliefs and attitudes toward Male-to-Female Intimate Partner Violence (MFIPV) play a fundamental, critical role in the expression of violent behaviors in relationships during both adolescence and adulthood. The objective of the present study was to contrast the degree of myth acceptance regarding MFIPV, based on the sex and age of Spanish teenagers and emerging adults. (2) Methods: A sample of 1580 participants aged between 15 and 24 took part in the study. The subjects were enrolled in 34 secondary schools and two university centers spread across Seville (Spain). A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was carried out for the data analysis. (3) Results: Overall, males had a higher level of myth acceptance than females in all the dimensions considered in the study. In the case of significantly high levels of myth acceptance, males quintupled females. The research dimension that revealed the greatest differences was romantic love. Regarding age, a degree of stability was observed in the age period of 15-17 years and 18-20 years, but this subsequently decreased for the age range of 21-24 years. (4) Conclusions: Efforts should be focused on promoting actions to challenge male mandates and narratives concerning romantic or true love.

La categorización familiar como técnica de apoyo al proceso de análisis que sigue la teoría fundamentada / Family categorization as a technique to support the analysis process that follows the grounded theory

Uno de los aspectos que mayor atención requiere por parte de las personas investigadoras que emplean metodologías cualitativas es la construcción de categorías teóricas, o más en concreto, el paso entre la codificación y la categorización. Una de las propuestas metodológicas más estructuradas y utilizadas en ciencias de la salud en este sentido es la teoría fundamentada. En el presente trabajo se expone una técnica analítica denominada «categorización familiar» que persigue el objetivo de facilitar el proceso de creación de las categorías iniciales, basándose en el análisis intrafamiliar e interfamiliar de los códigos

An important aspect that requires special attention by researchers using qualitative methods is the construction of theoretical categories, or more specifically, the step between coding and categorization. One of the most structured methodological proposals used in health sciences is grounded theory. In this paper an analytical technique called "family categorization" is proposed. Its aim is to facilitate the steps of creating the initial categories, based on intra- and inter-family codes analysis

[Family categorization as a technique to support the analysis process that follows the grounded theory]. / La categorización familiar como técnica de apoyo al proceso de análisis que sigue la teoría fundamentada.

An important aspect that requires special attention by researchers using qualitative methods is the construction of theoretical categories, or more specifically, the step between coding and categorization. One of the most structured methodological proposals used in health sciences is grounded theory. In this paper an analytical technique called "family categorization" is proposed. Its aim is to facilitate the steps of creating the initial categories, based on intra- and inter-family codes analysis.

Child-to-Parent Violence: Attitude towards Authority, Social Reputation and School Climate.

Research into child-to-parent violence (CPV) has focused mainly on the description of individual and family variables of adolescents. It is observed that the school context has received little attention despite being a context of development of great importance. In order to deepen the understanding in this field, the objective of this study was to analyze the relationships between child-to-parent violence (CPV) and the attitude towards authority, social reputation and school climate. A total of 2101 Spanish adolescents (50.1% males and 49.9% females) from 13 to 18 years participated. A multivariate factorial design (MANOVA, 3 × 3) was carried out using as independent variables CPV level and age. It was found that adolescents with high CPV presented lower values of positive attitude towards institutional authority (PATIA) and school climate (involvement, friendships and teacher's help), and higher values of positive attitude towards the transgression of social norms (PATTSN) and of perceived and ideal non-conformist social reputation (PNCSR and INCSR, respectively). Younger participants obtained the highest PATIA scores and lowest of PNCSR and the 15-16 years age group obtained the highest scores in PATTSN and INCSR. Adolescents aged 17-18 years show the highest scores in involvement and teacher's help. Also, three interaction effects were found and indicated that there is an improvement in attitudinal and school adjustment indicators according to the age, except in ideal non-conformist social reputation, which has important practical implications.

Child-To-Parent Violence: Which Parenting Style Is More Protective? A Study with Spanish Adolescents.

The link between parenting style and violent behavior during adolescence has become a relevant topic of research over the last few years. In order to deepen the understanding of this relationship, the aim of the present study was to examine what type of parenting style (authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful) is more protective against child-to-parent violence (CPV). A total of 2112 adolescents of both sexes participated in this study (50.2% men and 49.8% women), aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 14. 72, SD = 1.55). A multivariate factorial design (MANOVA, 4 × 2 × 3) was applied using parenting style, sex, and age group (12-14, 15-16, and 17-18 years) as independent variables and dimensions of CPV (physical and verbal aggression against the mother and father) as dependent variables. As shown in the results, the lowest scores on all the dimensions of CPV examined corresponded to the adolescents from indulgent families. Further, two interaction effects were observed between parenting style and age in verbal aggression against the mother and verbal aggression against the father. Regarding these effects, the adolescents from indulgent families obtained the lowest scores in two of the three age groups analyzed (12-14 years and 15-16 years). In the 17-18 years group, adolescents from authoritative families obtained similar but lower values than those coming from families with an indulgent style of parenting. These findings suggest that indulgent style is the most protective parenting style against CPV and also highlight the importance of affective warmth, emotional nurturance, and support giving in preventing CPV.

Variables psicológicas comunes en la violencia escolar entre iguales y la violencia filio-parental: un estudio cualitativo / Psychological variables common in school violence between peers and filial-parental violence: a qualitative study / Variáveis psicológicas comuns na violência escolar entre iguais e a violência filio-parental: um estudo qualitativo

Resumen Objetivo: conocer de manera conjunta la influencia que, sobre la Violencia Escolar (VE) y la Violencia Filio-Parental (VFP), ejercen ciertos indicadores de ajuste individual (empatía y autoestima) y de tipo social (estatus social y relación con los iguales). Método: se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo con adolescentes, padres, profesorado y técnicos de centros de menores. Resultados: para la mayoría de los sujetos participantes, los acosadores/agresores de ambos estudios presentan baja autoestima y dificultades empáticas. Sin embargo, la VE proporciona estatus y aceptación social por parte del grupo de pares, mientras que la VFP genera rechazo, por lo que tiende a mantenerse oculta. Conclusiones: los agresores hacia los progenitores buscan la aceptación de los pares a través de conductas violentas en el entorno escolar, un aspecto que daría lugar a que coexistan al mismo tiempo las conductas de agresión en los ámbitos familiar y escolar.

Abstract Objective: getting to know jointly the influence exerted on School Violence ("Violencia Escolar "VE") and Filial-Parental Violence ("VFP") by certain indicators of both individual adjustment (empathy and self-esteem) and social type (social status and relationship with peers). Method: a qualitative study was carried out among probation centers/juvenile facility's adolescents, parents, teaching staff and technicians. Results: To most participants, bullies / aggressors in both studies reveal low self-esteem and empathic difficulties. However, VE provides them with some kind of status and social acceptance from their group of peers, while VFP generates rejection; therefore, it tends to be hidden. Conclusions: aggressors against parents seek the acceptance of peers through violent behaviors in the school environment, this being an aspect that would lead to the coexistence of aggressive conducts both within the family and in the school environment.

Resumo Objetivo: conhecer conjuntamente a influência que, na Violência Escolar (VE) e a Violência Filio-Parental (VFP), exercem determinados indicadores do ajuste individual (empatia e autoestima) e do tipo social (status social e relação com iguais). Método: um estudo qualitativo com adolescentes, pais, equipe de funcionários de ensino e técnicos dos centros dos menores foi realizado. Resultados: para a maioria dos mais dos sujeitos participantes, os acossadores/agressores de ambos os estudos apresentam baixa autoestima e dificuldades empáticas. Não obstante, a VE fornece o status e a aceitação social na parte do grupo dos pares, enquanto que VFP gera a rejeição, razão porque tende a permanecer oculta. Conclusões: os agressores para os progenitores procuram a aceitação dos pares através das condutas violentas no ambiente escolar, um aspecto que causa que as condutas da agressão coexistam ao mesmo tempo nos âmbitos familiar e escolar.

Ocio saludable, funcionamiento familiar, actitud hacia la autoridad y consumo de alcohol en la adolescencia / Healthy leisure, family functioning, attitude toward authority and alcohol consumption in adolescence

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar las relaciones existentes entre la participación de los adolescentes en conductas de ocio saludables con familia y amigos, el funcionamiento familiar, la actitud hacia la autoridad institucional y el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes escolarizados y en función del género. Participaron 536 adolescentes de ambos sexos (50.7% hombres y 47.2% mujeres) de 12 a 19 años (M= 14.86 años, DT= 3.47) escolarizados en 6 centros educativos de Educación Secundaria de Sevilla (España). Se calculó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para el análisis de los datos. Se constató que la implicación en conductas saludables de ocio con familia y amigos se relaciona directamente con un menor consumo de alcohol en adolescentes e, indirectamente, a través de sus relaciones con el funcionamiento familiar y la actitud hacia la autoridad institucional. No se obtuvieron diferencias respecto del género

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between adolescent participation in behaviors of healthy leisure with family and friends, family functioning, attitude towards institutional authority and alcohol consumption by gender in a sample of adolescents. 536 adolescents of both sexes (50.7% boys and 47.2% girls), aged 12-19 years (M = 14.86 years, SD = 3.47) from 6 secondary schools in Seville (Spain) participated in the study. Structural equation model for the analysis of the data was calculated. It was found that involvement in leisure healthy behaviors with family and friends is directly related to lower alcohol consumption in adolescents and indirectly through their relationships with family functioning and attitude towards institutional authority. No gender differences were obtained

[Spanish adolescents' low perception of risk in alcohol consumption]. / Baja percepción de riesgo en el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes españoles.

According to recent studies, Spanish adolescents show low perception of risk in alcohol consumption. The current study aims to analyze the factors that favor this low perception based on the opinion of a group of 32 professional experts on adolescence, family, school, mass media, and local policies. A qualitative methodology was used, based on Grounded Theory, using information from 5 focus groups guided by semi-structured interviews. Twelve factors or subcategories were identified, grouped in 4 general categories: short-term risk, immediacy, and perception of invulnerability ("adolescent thinking" category); benevolent view of alcohol, normalization of consumption, and alcohol-entertainment binomial ("social norms" category); parents' habitual consumption, verbal/non-verbal inconsistency in parental model, risk-free consumption depicted in the mass media, consumption with positive results in the media ("social models" category); and excessive health content, long-term risk ("preventive discourse" category). After discussing the results in the context of the current scientific literature, the article offers various proposals for increasing risk perception in adolescents: stronger impact of contents on short-term risks of alcohol; educational strategies targeted to adolescents to include agents of socialization, especially parents; and policies centered on the substance and reduction of supply.

Baja percepción de riesgo en el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes españoles / Spanish adolescents' low perception of risk in alcohol consumption / Baixa percepção de risco entre adolescentes espanhóis em relação ao consumo de álcool

Según los estudios recientes, los adolescentes españoles muestran una baja percepción del riesgo asociado al consumo de alcohol. El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar los factores que favorecen esta baja percepción a partir de la opinión de un grupo de 32 profesionales/expertos en adolescencia, familia, escuela, medios de comunicación y políticas locales. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa, fundamentada en Grounded Theory, a partir de la información obtenida mediante 5 grupos de discusión guiados por entrevistas semiestructuradas. Se identificaron 12 factores o subcategorías agrupados en 4 categorías generales: riesgo a corto plazo, inmediatez y percepción de invulnerabilidad (categoría "pensamiento adolescente"); concepción benévola del alcohol, normalización del consumo y binomio alcohol-diversión (categoría "normas sociales"); consumo habitual en los padres, inconsistencia verbal-no verbal en el modelado parental, consumo sin riesgo en los medios, consumo con resultados positivos en los medios (categoría "modelos sociales"); excesivo contenido sanitario, riesgo a largo plazo (categoría "discurso preventivo"). Tras discutir los resultados en el contexto de la literatura científica actual, se realizan varias propuestas con el objetivo de aumentar la percepción del riesgo en los adolescentes: incidir con mayor fuerza en contenidos sobre los riesgos a corto plazo del alcohol; orientar las estrategias educativas dirigidas al adolescente, también hacia los agentes de socialización, especialmente los padres; incidir en políticas centradas en la sustancia y en reducir la oferta.

According to recent studies, Spanish adolescents show low perception of risk in alcohol consumption. The current study aims to analyze the factors that favor this low perception based on the opinion of a group of 32 professional experts on adolescence, family, school, mass media, and local policies. A qualitative methodology was used, based on Grounded Theory, using information from 5 focus groups guided by semi-structured interviews. Twelve factors or subcategories were identified, grouped in 4 general categories: short-term risk, immediacy, and perception of invulnerability ("adolescent thinking" category); benevolent view of alcohol, normalization of consumption, and alcohol-entertainment binomial ("social norms" category); parents' habitual consumption, verbal/non-verbal inconsistency in parental model, risk-free consumption depicted in the mass media, consumption with positive results in the media ("social models" category); and excessive health content, long-term risk ("preventive discourse" category). After discussing the results in the context of the current scientific literature, the article offers various proposals for increasing risk perception in adolescents: stronger impact of contents on short-term risks of alcohol; educational strategies targeted to adolescents to include agents of socialization, especially parents; and policies centered on the substance and reduction of supply.

De acordo com estudos recentes, os adolescentes espanhóis mostram baixa percepção de risco em relação ao consumo de álcool. O estudo tem como objetivo analisar os fatores associados com a baixa percepção de risco, com base nas opiniões de um grupo de 32 especialistas em adolescência, família, escola, mídia e políticas locais. Foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa, baseada na Teoria Fundamentada, usando informações de cinco grupos focais orientados por entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Foram identificados 12 fatores ou subcategorias, agrupados em quatro categorias gerais: risco no curto prazo, imediatismo e percepção de invulnerabilidade (categoria de "pensamento adolescente"); visão benevolente em relação ao álcool, normalização do consumo e binômio álcool-entretenimento (categoria de "normas sociais"); consumo habitual pelos pais, inconsistência na comunicação verbal versus não verbal no modelo representado pelos pais, consumo isento de risco retratado pela mídia, consumo com resultados positivos na mídia (categoria de "modelos sociais") e excesso de conteúdo relacionado à saúde, risco no longo prazo (categoria de "discurso preventivo"). Depois de discutir os resultados no contexto da literatura científica atual, o artigo oferece várias propostas para aumentar a percepção de risco entre os adolescentes: impacto mais forte de conteúdos sobre os riscos do álcool no curto prazo; estratégias educativas orientadas aos adolescentes para incluir os agentes da socialização, especialmente os pais, além de políticas centradas na substância e na redução da oferta.

Teorías sobre el inicio de la violencia filio-parental desde la perspectiva parental: un estudio exploratorio / Theories about the Beginnings of Child-to-Parents Violence from the Parental Perspective: An Exploratory Study / Teorias sobre o início da violência filio-parental desde a perspectiva parental: um estudo exploratório

Objetivo. Conocer las teorías implícitas que utilizan los padres víctimas de la violencia de sus hijos para explicar su inicio. Método. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio cualitativo exploratorio siguiendo el método propuesto por la Teoría Fundamentada. La información fue obtenida a partir de seis grupos de discusión guiados por entrevistas semiestructuradas y analizada mediante ATLAS.ti 5.0. En total, participaron 42 progenitores víctimas de violencia filio-parental (VFP; 18 padres y 24 madres) seleccionados por muestreo intencional teórico de dos contextos: un centro de reforma de menores y un centro privado especializado en terapia de violencia intrafamiliar. Resultados. Los progenitores mantienen tres teorías para explicar el inicio de la VFP: (a) la teoría del alumno ausente, que alude al absentismo escolar como predictor de la conducta violenta; (b) la teoría del alumno consumidor, en la que el consumo de sustancias (alcohol, cannabis y cocaína) sería el factor antecedente; y (c) la teoría de la acumulación de la tensión, en la que se plantea la presencia de unos factores previos que contribuirían a incrementar el malestar ("rabia") que antecedería el consumo abusivo de drogas y, posteriormente, la violencia hacia los padres. Conclusión. Los progenitores señalan que la VFP coincide con el comienzo de la etapa de educación secundaria. Un aspecto común a las tres teorías emergentes es que son factores distales y relacionados con el entorno que rodea a los adolescentes los principales desencadenantes de la VFP, quedando al margen variables relacionadas con la dinámica familiar.

Objective. To explore the implicit theories that parents victims of violence from their children (VFP) to explain the onset. Method. An exploratory qualitative study was done following the method proposed by the Grounded Theory. Information was obtained from six Focus Groups guided by semi-structured interviews and analyzed using ATLAS.ti 5.0. A total of 42 parents, victims of violence-towards-parents (VTP; 18 fathers and 24 mothers) participated and were selected by theoretical intentional sampling purposive sampling from two contexts: one juvenile reform center and a private family therapy center. Results. Parents have three theories to explain the onset of VFP: (a) the theory of the absent student, referred to truancy as a predictor of violent behavior; (b) addict student theory, in which substance abuse (alcohol, cannabis and cocaine) works as the antecedent factor; and (c) the theory of the accumulation of stress, in which the presence of previous factors contribute to increased discomfort ("rage") that would precede the drug abuse and later violence toward parents. Conclusion. Parents report that the VFP begins in the first stage of secondary education. A common aspect of the three emerging theories is that VFP is triggered by some distal factors related to the environment surrounding adolescent, leaving aside variables related to family dynamics.

Escopo. Conhecer as teorias implícitas que utilizam os pais vitimas da violência de seus filhos para explicar seu início. Metodologia. Foi feito um estudo qualitativo exploratório seguindo a metodologia proposta pela Teoria Fundamentada. A informação foi obtida a partir de seis grupos de discussão guiados por entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas mediante ATLAS.ti 5.0. Em total, participaram 42 pais vitimas de violência filio-parental (VPF; 18 homens e 24 mulheres) selecionadas por amostragem intencional teórica de dois contextos: um centro de reforma de menores e um centro privado especializado em terapia de violência intrafamiliar. Resultados. Os pais mantêm três teorias para explicar o inicio da VFP: (a) a teoria do estudante ausente, que alude ao absentismo escolar como preditor da conduta violenta; (b) a teoria do estudante consumidor, na que o consumo de sustancias (álcool, cannabis c cocaína) é o fator antecedente; e (c) a teoria da acumulação da tensão, na que se propõe a presença de uns fatores prévios que contribuem ao incremento do desconforto ("raiva") que supostamente antecede o consumo abusivo de drogas e, posteriormente, à violência contra os pais. Conclusão. Os pais assinalam que a VFP coincide com o começo da etapa da educação secundaria. Um aspeto comum às três teorias emergentes é que são fatores distais e relacionados com o entorno que rodea aos adolescentes os principais desencadeantes da VPF, deixando de fora variáveis relacionadas com a dinâmica familiar.